Here is the converted article in Markdown format:
Corruption Remains Pervasive in Timor-Leste Despite Government Efforts
Despite its efforts to combat corruption, Timor-Leste continues to struggle with widespread bribery and embezzlement, draining economic gains and undermining trust in government institutions.
Corruption Perception Index Rankings
According to Transparency International’s 2016 Corruption Perception Index, Timor-Leste ranked 101st out of 175 countries, tied with Thailand and the Philippines. The country made a significant leap in the rankings from 132nd in 2015 to 101st in 2016, but its absolute ranking remains poor.
Limitations of Anti-Corruption Efforts
The Anti-Corruption Commission (CAC) has been established within a legislative framework to combat corruption, but success has been limited. A 2015 survey commissioned by CAC found that:
- 77% of respondents believed corruption was a serious problem in Timor-Leste
- 58% believed that acts of corruption were mostly committed by those who hold power
Cultural Factors Contributing to Corruption
The country’s traditional culture of gift-giving and family connections have created a lax attitude towards corrupt practices. Decision-makers often favor contractors with whom they have personal ties, and junior staff are incentivized to assist in administrative work for rewards such as fancy gifts or bonuses.
Prevalence of Corruption in Public Financial Management
Corruption is particularly prevalent in the public financial management sector, where dependence on oil revenues has created opportunities for embezzlement and administrative malpractice. High-profile corruption cases involving politicians and government office-holders have been brought before the courts in recent years.
Concerns about Infrastructure Development and “Resource Curse”
The government’s focus on infrastructure development, including megaprojects such as the Suai pipeline and a Special Economic Zone in Oecussi enclave, has raised concerns about lucrative contractual deals between political elites and their clients. The “resource curse” remains a source of concern for Timor-Leste, which is heavily reliant on oil revenues.
Requirements for Effective Anti-Corruption Efforts
To tackle corruption effectively, experts say that:
- Firm political will
- Comprehensive policy framework
- Anti-corruption law
- Competent human resources
- Adequate resources
- Active engagement from various stakeholders are necessary.
Parliamentary Elections and Future Directions
With parliamentary elections later this year, parties that prioritize corruption may collect significant support from voters. The struggle against corruption is far from over, as Timor-Leste’s experience suggests that it requires sustained efforts to combat a deeply ingrained problem.