Sudan’s Criminal Underworld: How Political Isolation and Corruption Fueled Transnational Crime

Khartoum, Sudan - A Hub for Transnational Criminal Activity

A combination of political isolation, corruption, and economic stagnation has created a fertile ground for transnational criminal activity in Sudan, according to experts. The country’s security institutions, civilian bureaucracies, and strategic industries have been penetrated by criminal networks, making it an attractive haven for illicit trade and terrorist groups.

Long-Standing Illicit Trade and Cross-Border Connections

• Sudan’s porous borders with its seven neighboring countries have long been a breeding ground for illegal activities.
• Armed groups and commercial networks have extensive connections through ethnicity, intermarriage, and commercial relationships, making it easy to smuggle goods such as:
  • Gold
  • Fuel
  • Weapons
  • Stolen cars
  • Looted goods

Reliance on Non-State Armed Groups

• The Sudanese government’s reliance on non-state armed groups to respond to unrest has bolstered the credibility, resources, and organization of these criminal networks.
• These militias often use violence to advance their criminal and commercial objectives, making it difficult for authorities to effectively combat crime.

Isolation and the Rise of Illicit Markets

• Sudan’s isolation from the global economy and its pariah status have created strong incentives for illicit activities.
• The country’s banking sector has been disconnected from international systems, leaving large swaths of the population excluded from formal financial services.

Criminal Partnerships and Terrorist Ties

• The Bashir regime’s alliances with pariah governments and terrorist networks have brought criminal elements to Sudan.
• Osama bin Laden, Hamas financiers, and Iranian-backed groups have all used the country as an operational base or safe haven.

Economic Consequences of Illicit Activity

• The consequences of this criminal activity have been devastating for Sudan:
  • Far-reaching sanctions imposed by the United States have limited its ability to engage in legitimate trade and commerce.
  • This has created a vicious cycle of economic stagnation and political isolation.

As Sudan’s new government navigates the complex web of corruption and criminal activity, it faces a daunting task in rebuilding the country’s economy and institutions. However, experts say that without a concerted effort to address these underlying issues, Sudan will continue to be plagued by transnational crime and terrorist groups.