Here is the converted article in Markdown format:

Armenia’s Illicit Activities: A Complex Web of Criminal Networks

Yerevan, Armenia - Despite efforts to combat organized crime, Armenia remains a hub for illegal activities, with criminal networks and mafia-style groups operating in the shadows.

The Armenian Mafia

According to experts, the Armenian mafia is divided into separate clans or brotherhoods, known as ‘akhperutyuns,’ which control parts of the capital city Yerevan. However, membership has declined significantly since 2018.

Thieves in Law

The country’s historical ties to organized crime have led to a proliferation of professional criminals, known as ’thieves in law,’ who enjoy elite positions within criminal groups. While their influence has waned since the early 2000s, a small number of these individuals remain active, exerting some control over criminal markets.

Limited Resources

However, Armenian criminal networks are largely limited by a lack of resources and the country’s status as a transit nation for illicit trade, rather than a source or destination. One notable exception is the private tobacco industry, which has been producing counterfeit cigarettes. While their market share in Russia has declined, their activities may still be significant.

Corruption Remains a Concern

Armenia’s government has made progress in improving state capacity and democratic governance, but corruption remains a major concern. The country’s political leadership is heavily influenced by Russia, which has a significant impact on governance, external relations, and security measures.

• The government has implemented reforms to combat corruption, including the establishment of anti-corruption investigative bodies.
• However, corruption within the judicial system remains widespread, with many judges being closely tied to politicians and business leaders.

Criminal Justice System in Need of Reform

Armenia’s criminal justice system is plagued by inefficiencies and corruption. The country’s borders are also vulnerable to drug trafficking, with Russian border guards stationed along its borders with Turkey and Iran.

• The government has strengthened its anti-money laundering (AML) legal framework, but there are still risks within the Armenian banking system.
• The country’s economic regulatory reforms have focused on promoting a digital economy, but transparency and labor protections remain major concerns.

Civil Society and Human Trafficking

Armenia has a robust framework in place to support victims of modern slavery, but victim and witness support measures appear insufficient. Law enforcement officials lack the training and sensitivity required to assist victims, particularly those in remote areas who have limited access to justice.

• The country’s civil society is generally positive towards non-state actors, but there is a lack of organizations dedicated to issues like policing, the criminal justice system, and fighting organized crime.
• The media landscape is also polarized, with recent incidents of physical violence against journalists threatening basic international media freedom standards.

Conclusion

As Armenia continues to grapple with these complex issues, it remains unclear whether the country will be able to effectively combat its illicit activities and build a more transparent and accountable government.