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Hawala Networks for Remittances in Syria: A Research Report

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Introduction

Hawalas are informal value transfer systems that operate outside of traditional banking channels. This report explores the use of hawalas for remittances to Syria during the conflict.

Use of Hawala by NGOs in Syria

Several organizations, including NRC and Beechwood International, have used registered hawalas for Cash Transfer Programming (CTP) in Syria. However, the use of unregistered hawalas is kept low profile due to concerns about money laundering and terrorism financing.

Regulatory Framework in Jordan, Turkey, and Lebanon

• Jordan: The country has a robust regulatory framework for registered hawalas, which operate under the Money Exchange Business Law and anti-money laundering laws.
• Turkey: The country regulates payment service providers, but enforcement gaps remain.
• Lebanon: Money exchange offices are required to be registered and keep records of transactions.

Key Informant Interviews

Interviews with registered hawala transfer companies in Jordan revealed that they work with AlHaram Exchange as the delivery partner in Syria. Most said they have fixed fees averaging around $4 per transaction, and a valid ID is required to receive money.

Sender Study: Face-to-face Surveying in Irbid

NRC Jordan’s team conducted face-to-face surveys with 28 respondents in Irbid, which revealed that:

• 89% of responses related to money transfers from Syria.
• Respondents used various means of money transfer, including registered hawalas and informal networks.

Conclusion

The report highlights the importance of understanding the use of hawala networks for remittances in Syria during the conflict. Further research is needed to explore the terms and conditions involved in using these networks.