Iceland’s Battle Against Financial Crimes: A Test of Ethics and Legal Framework
Iceland, a Nordic country known for its commitment to the rule of law and low tolerance for corruption, has faced ethical and legal concerns regarding financial crimes in its financial sector.
Legal Framework and Concerns
- Bribes and Facilitation Payments: Iceland’s General Penal Code criminalizes bribes, abuse of office, trading in influence, and fraud. However, distinguishing bribes from facilitation payments and interpreting the illegality of gifts and hospitality based on intent and benefits poses challenges.
- Fraud Cases: Post-2008 financial crisis, several fraud cases have emerged, revealing potential conflicts of interest between businesses and political figures and misappropriation of public funds.
- Judicial System: Doubts about the fairness of the judicial system, with concerns regarding bias and nepotism among judges, have been raised.
Transparency and Enforcement
- Police Department: Iceland’s police department enjoys a high level of reliability and efficiency in investigating and punishing abuse and corruption.
- Public Services: Public services present a low risk of corruption, but bureaucratic inefficiencies prove a significant impediment to doing business.
Allegations and Scandals
- Foreign Bribery: Iceland has faced allegations of foreign bribery, particularly concerning state-owned entities.
- Political Scandals: Former prime ministers, Sigmundur Davíð Gunnlaugsson and Bjarni Benediktsson, have resigned due to corruption scandals involving conflicts of interest and asset sales.
Maintaining Transparency and Integrity
- Transparency: Iceland maintains a high level of transparency in its business environment due in part to its diverse media landscape and Freedom of Information Act.
- Civil Society: Civil society groups and the government cooperate closely, providing an active check on potential misconduct.
International Efforts and Ongoing Challenges
- Anti-Corruption Conventions: Iceland is a signatory to several international anti-corruption conventions and has made efforts to strengthen its integrity framework.
- Enforcement of Laws: Ensuring effective enforcement of laws and adherence to high ethical standards remains an ongoing challenge.
Sources
- Doing Business 2018
- Freedom of the Press 2017
- Sustainable Governance Indicators - Iceland Report 2017
- Global Competitiveness Index 2017-2018
- Investment Climate Statement 2017
- Freedom in the World 2016
- Global Enabling Trade Report 2016
- Human Rights Practices Report 2016
- Freedom House: Freedom of the Press 2016
- FotP 2016
- GRECO Fourth Evaluation Round - Compliance Report Iceland 2017
- FCPA Blog, ‘Frozen: Iceland’s cold shoulder steams OECD anti-graft group’
- GRECO Fourth Evaluation Round - Compliance Report Iceland 2015
- New York Times, “Iceland’s Prime Minister Steps Down Amid Panama Papers Scandal”
- World Economic Forum: Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016
- FCPA Blog, ‘Frozen: Iceland’s cold shoulder steams OECD anti-graft group’